The VirusTotal Story: A Global Leader in 3D Metal Printing

Imagine you are a young computer engineer from a small town in Málaga, Spain, with no money, no connections, and an idea that seems impossible: building the world’s largest antivirus platform without writing a single line of antivirus code. This is the true story of how Bernardo Quintero achieved the unthinkable—getting Google to acquire his company and establish its cybersecurity organization in Málaga, Spain. This is the story of VirusTotal.

It all began in 1998, when a student from Vélez-Málaga (Málaga, Spain), born into a humble family, teamed up with a visionary mentor named Antonio Ropero to rewrite the rules of cybersecurity. Together, they founded Hispasec Sistemas, a pioneering company born from the dream of democratizing cybersecurity knowledge through its renowned daily newsletter, Una-al-día. What started as an academic experiment became the seed of a revolution that would transform how the world combats malware.

In 2004, six years after founding Hispasec, Quintero came up with a deceptively simple yet brilliant idea: what if, instead of developing yet another antivirus, they created a platform that queried all the world’s antivirus engines simultaneously? Thus, VirusTotal was born—a free web service allowing anyone to upload a suspicious file and receive feedback within seconds from dozens of different antivirus engines. It was a unique value proposition no one had ever conceived, and it quickly became an indispensable tool for cybersecurity professionals worldwide.

For eight years, VirusTotal grew organically without external investors, driven purely by the passion of its team and the trust of a global community that recognized something extraordinary in this small company from Málaga, Spain. The numbers spoke for themselves: millions of files analyzed monthly, strategic partnerships with the world’s leading antivirus vendors, and a reputation that knew no borders. But the true turning point came when Bernardo, without knowing anyone at Google, decided they were the ideal partner for his project.

What followed is a story of vision, perseverance, and top-tier talent that conquered Silicon Valley without losing sight of its roots. From humble beginnings at the Málaga Technology Park in Spain to becoming a cornerstone of global cybersecurity under Google’s umbrella, this is the chronicle of how a simple idea revolutionized how the world understands and fights digital threats. A story demonstrating that with vision and determination, it is entirely possible to build world-changing technology.

Bernardo Quintero Ramírez

José Bernardo Quintero Ramírez (Vélez-Málaga, Málaga, Spain, 1973) was born into a working-class family. His father worked as an orderly for the Andalusian Health Service, and Bernardo attended primary school at the local public school, Colegio Zona Sur, in his hometown of Vélez-Málaga (Málaga, Spain).

Bernardo was an extremely shy and quiet child. Although he wasn’t a strong student at first, everything changed with the arrival of a teacher who, as Bernardo would later recall, recognized that the boy “didn’t have learning difficulties, but simply needed a different way of learning”. This educator spotted a potential others had overlooked, giving him the encouragement he needed to face the future with enthusiasm.

Bernardo’s personal journey is a story of self-improvement and self-taught talent. His family had a defining influence on his entrepreneurial spirit. Although his father was a civil servant and advised his son to follow a similar secure path, he also ran a typing academy out of their living room. Bernardo attended night school for his secondary education so he could help his father manage the classes during the day. Unknowingly at the time, this gave Bernardo “the most valuable lesson in entrepreneurship, effort, and determination”.

Bernardo Quintero Ramírez

José Bernardo Quintero Ramírez (Vélez-Málaga, Málaga, Spain, 1973) was born into a working-class family. His father worked as an orderly for the Andalusian Health Service, and Bernardo attended primary school at the local public school, Colegio Zona Sur, in his hometown of Vélez-Málaga (Málaga, Spain).

Bernardo was an extremely shy and quiet child. Although he wasn’t a strong student at first, everything changed with the arrival of a teacher who, as Bernardo would later recall, recognized that the boy “didn’t have learning difficulties, but simply needed a different way of learning”. This educator spotted a potential others had overlooked, giving him the encouragement he needed to face the future with enthusiasm.

Bernardo’s personal journey is a story of self-improvement and self-taught talent. His family had a defining influence on his entrepreneurial spirit. Although his father was a civil servant and advised his son to follow a similar secure path, he also ran a typing academy out of their living room. Bernardo attended night school for his secondary education so he could help his father manage the classes during the day. Unknowingly at the time, this gave Bernardo “the most valuable lesson in entrepreneurship, effort, and determination”.

His passion for computing began at an early age. At just 10 years old, he taught himself to program on a ZX Spectrum given to him by his parents. “I started by programming video games; it was my passion at age 10”. He began with BASIC and, once he outgrew it, tackled assembly language programming for the Z80 processor.

“When I was 14, my parents bought me an Amstrad PC1512—my first PC—which got infected with the Ping-Pong virus. Since I had already done reverse engineering with video games, I was able to analyze how the virus worked”. He was fascinated by how a program could replicate on its own. Curiosity drove him to investigate not only how it was created, but also how to neutralize it. “Whenever a friend’s computer got infected, I would go to their house to study it”. By age 14, he had already developed his first antivirus program.

His academic journey culminated in a scholarship to study computer engineering at the University of Málaga in Spain. During his university years, he met Professor Adolfo del Cid, who, knowing Bernardo’s drive to boost his grades, challenged him to develop an antivirus capable of removing a threat that was affecting all the computers across the university. As Bernardo later admitted: “At that exact moment, I knew beyond a shadow of a doubt that this was what I wanted to do with my life”, dedicate himself to the world of cybersecurity.

Antonio Ropero

Antonio Ropero (Málaga, Spain, 1971–2017) studied mathematics at university but quickly developed a passion for computer science. In the 1990s, at the height of hacker culture and underground computing, Jesús Cea Avión established the Clavius BBS in Madrid, Spain—a bulletin board system focused on cybersecurity. Antonio Ropero was one of Clavius BBS’s core contributors, writing under the handle ARD.

By the mid-1990s, Telefónica’s Infovía service enabled widespread internet adoption across Spanish households. This spurred a surge of content channels, particularly around hacking and cybersecurity. Antonio met Bernardo on one of these online forums.

At the time, Antonio was working for PC Actual magazine and invited Bernardo to join as a freelance contributor, becoming Bernardo’s mentor. He completely reworked the first article Bernardo submitted, teaching him—in Bernardo’s own words—“how to structure text, how to make it clearer, how to better communicate ideas… he taught me how to write”. Together, Antonio and Bernardo frequently co-authored articles on security topics, antivirus software comparisons, and related subjects.

Over time, Antonio became one of the most prominent and respected cybersecurity experts in Spain. He was a pivotal figure in the history of both Hispasec and VirusTotal.

The Creation of Hispasec Sistemas

In those final years of the 20th century—beyond the fleeting fame surrounding the virus of the moment—cybersecurity was a widely ignored topic that generated little interest. As Bernardo recalls: “One day, I wrote to the magazine’s editors asking for a dedicated column on cybersecurity. They replied that there wasn’t enough content to justify a regular column with high-quality material”. The very next day, on October 28, 1998, Bernardo decided to send them an email with the subject line “Una al día” (“One a day”) containing a news item on the topic.

To the magazine editors’ surprise, these emails kept coming day after day. Antonio Ropero, who was working in PC Actual’s testing laboratory, quickly joined Bernardo in drafting the updates, and a few weeks later, Antonio Román Arrebola and Jesús Cea joined the effort as well.

Initially, it was an internal newsletter for PC Actual editors, but word spread, and they began receiving external subscription requests. The first to join were members of the Panda Antivirus team, who were soon joined by engineers from McAfee and other security vendors.

To put this era into context, that same year—1998—Microsoft released Windows 98 (with virtually no security considerations), ICANN was established to coordinate internet governance, Google was founded, and websites were basic static pages accessed via 33,600 bps dial-up modems.

Every day, the team dispatched an email containing a technical analysis or an alert regarding emerging viruses, vulnerabilities, or threats. Both the caliber of the content and the publishing consistency attracted a rapidly growing community of cybersecurity enthusiasts and professionals.

By late 1998, they launched the Hispasec.com website to archive these newsletters. They quickly earned a reputation as an authoritative source for technical cybersecurity intelligence, completely independent of third-party influence. Within a few months, their subscriber base exceeded 40,000. Their impact was such that by 1999, mainstream media outlets frequently turned to them for expert commentary on cybersecurity events.

Una al día and Hispasec originated as a non-profit personal challenge without commercial or corporate ambitions. However, growing demand from their readership led them to incorporate Hispasec Sistemas as a business in the year 2000. It operated as a cybersecurity consulting firm providing security auditing, forensic analysis, and custom tool development. Through this process, Spain’s first dedicated cybersecurity company was born.

Reflecting on those early days, Bernardo notes: “What started as a game—a simple challenge with zero business ambitions—ultimately led to the creation of Hispasec as a cybersecurity laboratory and enterprise”.

The Idea Behind VirusTotal

Until the founding of Hispasec Sistemas, Bernardo worked from his parents’ home in Vélez-Málaga (Spain). As he would later say, “Once we decided to create Hispasec, I immediately thought of the Andalusia Technology Park in Málaga (Spain) as the ideal place to establish our headquarters”. Bernardo sent an email to the park’s management outlining his idea, and they quickly welcomed the project into the park’s business incubator (BIC Euronova).

The founders of Hispasec (Bernardo Quintero, Antonio Ropero, Antonio Román, and Jesús Cea) were soon joined by a fifth team member: Francisco Santos. Francisco became the company’s first employee. In 2002, the core team was completed with the addition of Julio Canto, who would become the lead developer. During those early years, Francisco and Julio worked on Hispasec’s various ongoing projects and core services.

The truth is that, despite Hispasec performing well, Bernardo was constantly contemplating how to deliver even greater value to the cybersecurity field. In 2002, Bernardo proposed the concept of VirusTotal to his partners: a multi-antivirus service enabling anyone on the internet to upload a suspicious file and analyze it in real time, completely free of charge. The primary obstacle he faced was that “some of Hispasec’s partners didn’t fully understand why I wanted to build something without a clear business model”.

The Creation of VirusTotal

Despite initial hesitation, the project gradually took shape. Finally, VirusTotal.com was officially launched in June 2004, becoming their first 100% web-based service—and therefore inherently scalable from day one. As Bernardo put it, “The concept behind VirusTotal is simple: when someone suspects a file might be malicious, they submit it via the web or email. A total of 36 antivirus engines from different vendors, updated every 10 minutes, analyze it in 30 seconds”.

In reality, even without a clear business model, Bernardo was confident that by building critical mass, the market itself would signal how to monetize the platform.

The core team that built the platform comprised engineers who had worked at Hispasec, joined by key strategic additions. According to Bernardo, the credit for VirusTotal belongs to:

• Julio Canto (Madrid, Spain, 1975), the core engine developer who “built the scanning engine for the first version”. He was the lead systems architect for VirusTotal’s initial development. Bernardo notes: “If I’m considered the father of VirusTotal for coming up with the idea, he is the mother for conceiving the first version”. His contribution was essential in translating the high-level concept into a fully functional technical reality.
• Francisco Santos, the software architect who “developed the initial web application and managed the backend database (the malware database)”. His work was crucial to the platform’s overall architecture. Bernardo describes him as “our sysadmin—an exceptionally versatile engineer”.
• Alejandro Bermúdez (Málaga, Spain, 1983), who “developed and managed the analysis cluster, personally assembling the first servers piece by piece”. His efforts were fundamental in scaling the infrastructure from those first hardware setups into a network of hundreds of machines.
• Victor Manuel Álvarez, known as Plusvic, a software engineer and malware researcher who, though born in Cuba, retraced his grandfather’s steps back to Spain. Possessing extraordinary talent in reverse engineering and low-level programming, “he is a world-renowned software builder best known as the creator of YARA—a tool integrated into VirusTotal that became an industry standard across cybersecurity for writing detection signatures”. YARA is widely recognized as the Swiss Army knife for malware analysts.
• Emiliano Martínez Contreras (Marbella, Spain, 1985), who joined VirusTotal in 2008. According to Bernardo, he is the most productive engineer he has ever met—a true generalist capable of handling any task with excellence.

VirusTotal operated on a value-exchange model: antivirus vendors granted licenses for their detection engines, and in return—whenever a malicious file was detected by competitors’ engines but missed by their own—VirusTotal alerted them and shared the sample to help refine their engine. For the user community, it provided a free multi-engine scanner; for vendor companies, a real-time intelligence loop to keep their software updated.

Eventually, the team underwent a structural split, and VirusTotal was spun off from Hispasec Sistemas as an independent entity (a spin-off being a new company spawned from an existing parent organization). Intriguingly, while Hispasec operated as a revenue-generating consultancy with limited exponential growth potential, VirusTotal initially generated zero revenue—yet offered a product with immense potential for rapid international expansion.

The Early Years of VirusTotal

The early days were far from easy. As Quintero recalls: “In the beginning, we on the VirusTotal team had to endure jokes and laughter for running a completely unprofitable service—they called it ‘that bottomless pit’ or ‘Bernardo’s toy'”. For him, however, “that was actually a good sign and something that motivated us to keep pushing forward”.

During those years, the team worked virtually without compensation, sustained by Hispasec’s consulting revenues and a shared passion for the project. Despite generating zero revenue, VirusTotal experienced exponential user growth. In 2007, PC World magazine selected it as one of the 100 Best Products of the Year, solidifying its international reputation. By 2008, the service was analyzing 1.3 million files per month across just 20 machines. A testament to its organic success, the user community itself translated the platform into 23 languages.

Global recognition came swiftly. In 2008, they won two PC World awards in the United States. Antivirus vendors like F-Secure and Kaspersky routinely cited the platform in their tech blogs and presentations. The English verb “VTed” was even coined across the industry to describe scanning a file on VirusTotal. As is often the case, VirusTotal’s impact was significantly greater abroad than within Spain.

VirusTotal Intelligence

Eventually, internal tensions among partners forced Bernardo to design a revenue-generating business model. The answer was VirusTotal Intelligence. Until then, the service had been entirely free and tailored to helping everyday users analyze suspicious files. However, the team realized that, as their dataset expanded, enterprises were showing a growing appetite for access to that underlying threat intelligence.

They conceived VirusTotal Intelligence as a enterprise-grade solution—an advanced malware analysis platform allowing organizations to query their database using specific criteria, download samples for forensic analysis, dynamically observe file behaviors, and track malware campaigns, attack patterns, and threat actors.

In short, VirusTotal Intelligence provided security researchers, cybersecurity firms, and government agencies with both a microscopic and telescopic view of the digital threat landscape, offering search, correlation, and analytical capabilities that extended far beyond simple multi-engine scanning. Later on, VirusTotal Intelligence would provide API access for companies needing to integrate these capabilities directly into their own security stacks.

While basic scanning remained free, access to VirusTotal Intelligence transitioned to a paid subscription model. Almost overnight, companies like Facebook, Apple, Netflix, and Samsung became paying clients. Indeed, VirusTotal had transformed into an indispensable tool for major enterprise organizations.

Crucially, over half of the site’s traffic originated from universities, security researchers, and enterprise IT teams, rather than the general public. Finally, in 2009, meaningful revenues began to flow. Bernardo had successfully unlocked the key to a scalable, high-growth business model.

Luck also played its part, as it often does in business success. In 2011, following a major cyberattack targeting US national security infrastructure, the VirusTotal team investigated its origin and traced it to China. Bernardo proactively reached out to specialized US tech media to share their findings, sparking widespread coverage across the country. Shortly after, the landmark Stuxnet attack against an Iranian nuclear facility brought further attention to VirusTotal, as the team identified early samples and sources that proved vital to mapping out the virus’s full architecture.

The Acquisition by Google

The story of Google’s acquisition demonstrates Bernardo’s perseverance and strategic vision. Although VirusTotal Intelligence had begun generating steady revenue, Bernardo wanted to secure the long-term survival of the project, and he believed Google was the ideal partner to guarantee it.

Since he had no direct contacts at Google, his strategy was to cold-email relevant Google personnel involved in cybersecurity. In February 2010, he searched Google Scholar for research papers on honeypots (a cybersecurity mechanism) and identified an author employed by Google. Bernardo emailed him. Receiving no reply, he continued sending periodic updates whenever VirusTotal launched a new feature. Months later, the engineer finally responded, turning the one-way outreach into an active dialogue. After several months of discussions, Google asked to become a paying customer of VirusTotal—and Bernardo declined.

Bernardo’s long-term play was not to secure another enterprise client, but a strategic partner. He countered that VirusTotal was looking for a partnership with Google, not a vendor relationship. Two days later, Google sent a framework agreement offering VirusTotal unlimited access to Google Cloud infrastructure in exchange for platform access. They signed immediately in May 2011.

Having Google as a partner naturally attracted market interest. In December 2011, a US-based investment fund submitted a Letter of Intent (LOI) to acquire the company. When Bernardo informed Google, they promptly asked him not to sign, indicating their own interest in acquiring the business.

Having no prior experience in Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A), Bernardo purchased the book “Mergers & Acquisitions For Dummies” to master the core terminology. He also retained legal counsel in Madrid (Spain) and San Francisco. Bernardo set non-negotiable conditions for the deal: the company’s headquarters would remain in Málaga (Spain), the VirusTotal brand name would be preserved, and the core team of six original engineers would be retained.

These terms took Google by surprise and initially raised doubts regarding the deal’s operational feasibility. M&A negotiations and the due diligence process spanned from January to August 2012. On September 7, 2012, the acquisition was officially announced, with Google guaranteeing VirusTotal’s operational independence. Although financial terms were never disclosed, media estimates placed the transaction value between $30 million and $40 million. At the time, VirusTotal was generating approximately €1 million in annual revenue.

VirusTotal marked Google’s second acquisition of a Spanish company. The first Spanish startup acquired by Google was Panoramio—which was also based in Málaga (Spain).

What Happened After the Acquisition

As agreed, VirusTotal continued to operate independently. By the time Google acquired VirusTotal, the team had already moved out of Hispasec Sistemas’ headquarters at the Technology Park and relocated to a residential house with a garden and pool in the El Candado neighborhood, in eastern Málaga (Spain). Meetings were held around dining tables or out on the patio. International visitors were routinely amazed by the informal, homey, and sun-drenched working environment.

Two years post-acquisition, the business had multiplied several times over, and the user base was growing exponentially. Yet, until 2015, head count remained virtually unchanged. As the team eventually expanded, new employees were set up in the living room. Bedrooms were converted into offices and meeting rooms, while the garage became a recreation area. They had an on-site gym and a private chef who prepared breakfast and lunch daily—creating a truly unique workplace culture.

In 2015, Google underwent a major corporate restructuring to form a parent holding company, Alphabet. All group subsidiaries, including Google and YouTube, became entities under Alphabet. Later, in 2018, Alphabet launched Chronicle as a dedicated cybersecurity business unit. As part of this realignment, VirusTotal was carved out of Google and integrated into Chronicle.

Under Chronicle, the company introduced VirusTotal Enterprise—a platform combining VirusTotal’s core capabilities with advanced functionality designed to help enterprise organizations secure their networks. In 2019, Chronicle was merged back into Google Cloud, bringing VirusTotal into Google Cloud’s newly formed security division. By that year, VirusTotal’s team had grown to over 30 employees.

The Google Safety Engineering Center in Málaga

In 2021, Google announced the creation of a new cybersecurity hub in Europe. The location? A state-of-the-art building in the heart of Málaga (Spain): the Google Safety Engineering Center (GSEC). Officially inaugurated in November 2023, the 2,500-square-meter facility offers impressive views over the Port of Málaga (Spain).

This modern center brings together teams from VirusTotal, Google Cloud, Mandiant, and the Threat Analysis Group (TAG). With Google’s backing, VirusTotal evolved into a next-generation threat intelligence platform. As stated in their official positioning: “VirusTotal is the richest and most actionable collaborative threat intelligence platform on the planet”. It benefits from community-driven contributions from over 2 million active monthly users worldwide.

As this journey shows, this is the story of how Bernardo Quintero built an exceptional core team of six engineers. Having these six specialists relocate to Mountain View to work at Google headquarters would have been a remarkable milestone in its own right. Instead, Bernardo successfully convinced Google to bring its infrastructure to Málaga (Spain). VirusTotal remained an autonomous entity, led and operated by its original core team:

• Bernardo Quintero maintained his role as visionary leader and became Google Security Engineering Director.
• Francisco Santos stepped into the role of VirusTotal Analysis Team Manager.
• Víctor Manuel Álvarez transitioned his title to Senior Staff Software Engineer, continuing the development of YARA alongside other advanced tools.
• Emiliano Martínez was appointed Head of Product Management at VirusTotal.
• Alejandro Bermúdez continued building core technology as Senior Software Engineer at VirusTotal.
• Julio Canto, like Alejandro, serves as Senior Software Engineer at VirusTotal.

A defining characteristic of VirusTotal has been its ability to preserve its founding startup culture within a massive tech conglomerate. As one team member describes it: “It’s a family—a cohesive team committed not just to a product, but to each other, treating colleagues as family”.

In May 2025, a few months after receiving an Honorary Doctorate (Doctor Honoris Causa) from the University of Málaga (Spain), Bernardo Quintero stepped down from executive leadership at VirusTotal. In his farewell statement, he shared: “I am grateful to Google for the sensitivity and flexibility to allow me to do something unconventional. Instead of pursuing the expected track toward Vice President, I have chosen to step aside and hand the reins to members of my team who perform—and will continue to perform—this role even better than I could”.

Conclusions

The story of VirusTotal is far more than the chronicle of a successful startup. It stands as proof that passion, perseverance, and talent can thrive regardless of geographic origin. From a shy boy in Vélez-Málaga (Spain) programming on his ZX Spectrum to becoming a Security Director at one of the world’s most influential tech giants, Bernardo Quintero and his team have written a defining chapter in global cybersecurity.

VirusTotal achieved something truly unique: preserving its core culture within a global corporation, proving that a team can compete on a global scale from Málaga (Spain), and building the world’s largest cybersecurity database with fewer resources than its international competitors.

The legacy of VirusTotal transcends commercial metrics. It serves as an inspiration for a new generation of tech entrepreneurs, demonstrating that, as Bernardo put it, “when you step onto the global stage, what matters isn’t where you come from, but the value you bring”.

Today, decades after that very first “Una-al-día” newsletter, VirusTotal continues its mission to make the internet a safer place. A journey that began as a side project—a simple, unpretentious challenge—has evolved into one of the most successful Spanish tech stories in history.

Further Information

This article has summarized the story of VirusTotal, the tool that Google turned into a global malware shield. I hope you found it insightful. If you are seeking inspiration or are interested in these topics, this blog features a wide array of related content. Please feel free to use the search bar located in the header.

Additionally, here are a few other articles that may be of interest:

• The Genera Games Story: A Global Benchmark in Game Development
• The Xtraice Story: How a Spanish Company Became a Global Leader in Eco-Friendly Synthetic Ice
• The Tuenti Story: The Spanish Social Network That Defined a Generation

Bibliography

Although the content of this blog is intended for educational and informative purposes, we take data verification very seriously. Our articles are the result of interviews with key figures and industry experts, as well as meticulous research across official sources, media outlets, scientific publications, and in-depth reports. Because of this, the stories we share are often recognized by their own protagonists as highly accurate. In any case, if you spot any errors or inaccuracies, we would be incredibly grateful if you could leave a comment at the end of the article or let us know at blog@carballar.com.

However, as a non-profit, educational blog, we operate with a lean approach, which means we cannot dedicate the time required to exhaustively reference every single piece of data presented. Nevertheless, should you need to verify any of the figures or information, we have attached some of the primary sources utilized below. Please keep in mind that, since this is a Spanish company, the majority of these sources are in Spanish.

• Book: “Infectado: Del Spectrum a Google, el camino de un emprendedor accidental”. Author Bernardo Quintero. ISBN 8409666227
• https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2012/09/11/empresas/1347370790_850215.html
• https://coddii.org/bernardo-quintero-el-ingeniero-informatico-espanol-que-lidera-la-ciberseguridad-de-google
• https://elhacker.info/manuales/Libros%20hack/0xword/0XWORD%20UNA%20AL%20DIA.pdf
• https://elpais.com/diario/2008/11/13/ciberpais/1226544021_850215.html
• https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/09/27/eps/1538042844_493037.html
• https://elpais.com/espana/2023-01-10/el-futuro-de-la-ciberseguridad-pasa-por-malaga.html
• https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2012/09/10/actualidad/1347276010_539192.html
• https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2023-11-28/los-seis-ingenieros-que-consiguieron-que-google-aterrizase-en-malaga.html
• https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2023-11-29/google-abre-en-malaga-su-primer-centro-especializado-en-ciberseguridad-de-europa.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirusTotal
• https://es.linkedin.com/company/virustotal
• https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Quintero
• https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirusTotal
• https://gcloud.devoteam.com/es/blog/analisis-de-amenazas-virustotal/
• https://hackstory.net/Antonio_Ropero.html
• https://hispasec.com/es/empresa/historia-pasion
• https://kewlona.es/2018/11/xataka-historia-virustotal-google-malaga/
• https://parapnte.educacion.navarra.es/2016/02/02/virustotal-antivirus-propiedad-de-google-que-poco-a-poco-va-aumentando-funcionalidades/
• https://safety.google/intl/es_es/engineering-center-malaga/
• https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=FEGAIDMAAAAJ&hl=es
• https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/07/google-acquires-online-virus-malware-and-url-scanner-virustotal/
• https://telefonicatech.com/blog/chronicle-compania-google-amenazas-informaticas
• https://unaaldia.hispasec.com/
• https://unaaldia.hispasec.com/2008/10/una-al-dia-cumple-10-anos.html
• https://www.businessinsider.es/desarrollo-profesional/como-dirigir-equipo-startup-ejecutivo-google-516435
• https://www.businessinsider.es/desarrollo-profesional/hacker-espanol-domina-ciberseguridad-google-513971
• https://www.businessinsider.es/tecnologia/industria-ciberseguridad-espana-prometedora-722949
• https://www.channelpartner.es/seguridad/google-compra-virustotal/
• https://www.consumer.es/tecnologia/internet/bernardo-quintero-consultor-de-seguridad-informatica.html
• https://www.devoteam.com/es/expert-view/analisis-de-amenazas-virustotal/
• https://www.diariosur.es/tecnologia/bernardo-quintero-presenta-infectado-libro-desvela-detalles-20250221212842-nt.html
• https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/andalucia/2022-04-24/diez-anos-de-google-en-malaga-y-por-que-es-crucial-para-la-ciberseguridad-mundial_3413249/
• https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2017-05-02/hackers-ciberseguridad-informatica-virus-ransomware_1374474/
• https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2018-01-26/google-chronicle-bernardo-quintero-virus-total-malaga_1511740/
• https://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/adn-emprendedor/google-sala-boqueron_132_4523740.html
• https://www.eleconomista.es/tecnologia/noticias/4236665/09/12/Google-compra-la-empresa-malaguena-VirusTotal-para-reforzarse-contra-el-malware.html
• https://www.elespanol.com/omicrono/20180125/alphabet-luchara-cibercrimen-chronicle-nueva-empresa/279973524_0.html
• https://www.elladodelmal.com/2008/12/entrevista-bernardo-quintero-de.html
• https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2023/11/14/654e4f63fdddff543d8b45ec.html
• https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2012/09/10/andalucia_malaga/1347300039.html
• https://www.europapress.es/portaltic/ciberseguridad/noticia-matriz-google-crea-chronicle-compania-ciberseguridad-orientada-servicios-otras-empresas-20180125112359.html
• https://www.genbeta.com/actualidad/google-compra-virustotal-empresa-malaguena-de-deteccion-de-malware-online
• https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2018/09/27/virustotal-enterprise/
• https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2023/12/28/hispasec-25-anos-empresa-hizo-96322996.html
• https://www.malagahoy.es/malaga/bernardo-quintero-aparta-gestion-directa_0_2004021501.html
• https://www.malagahoy.es/malaga/Bernardo-Quintero-cazador-virus-Malaga-Google_0_1546647580.html
• https://www.malagahoy.es/malaga/cazador-virus-Malaga-trofeo-Google_0_624237750.html
• https://www.metafrase.com/blog/fallece-antonio-ropero/
• https://www.pta.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Entrevista_Revista_MalagaTechPark.pdf
• https://www.uma.es/media/files/Discurso_Bernardo_Quintero.pdf
• https://www.uma.es/micrositios/facultadmarketing/noticias/bernardo-quintero-explica-el-camino-hasta-llegar-google/
• https://www.uma.es/sala-de-prensa/noticias/bernardo-quintero-referente-en-ciberseguridad-nuevo-doctor-honoris-causa-de-la-uma/
• https://www.vidaeconomica.com/2025/05/bernardo-quintero/
• https://www.virustotal.com
• https://www.xataka.com/entrevistas/virustotal-o-como-mantenerse-como-indies-tras-ser-adquiridos-por-google
• https://www.xataka.com/historia-tecnologica/virustotal-a-chronicle-historia-bernardo-quintero-equipo-ciberseguridad-google-malaga
• https://www.xataka.com/seguridad/chronicle-la-nueva-filial-de-alphabet-que-competira-con-otros-antivirus-en-servicios-de-ciberseguridad-a-empresas
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTLuy0gx5vE
• https://x.com/bquintero?lang=es
• https://x.com/plusvic?lang=es